Is There a Relationship Between Birth Quartile and Vertical Jump Performance Among Young Male Elite Volleyball Athletes?

Vertical jump is an important skill that influences volleyball performance. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between vertical jump performance and birth quartile of Brazilian male youth volleyball players. We calculated chi-square goodness-of-fit tests to compare the athletes' birthdate distributions in quarters of their birth years (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) according to player age categories (U17, U18, U19, and U21). We calculated one-way ANOVAs to compare spike jump and block jump heights of players born in different quarters of the same year. Overall, we found a relative age effect (i.e., more players with birth dates early in the birth year) in U17 (p < .001), U18 (p < .001), U19 (p < .001), and U21 (p = .04). Regarding vertical jump performance, U18 athletes born in Q2 reached higher spike jump heights (p = .006) and block jump heights (p = .002) than athletes born in Q4, and U19 athletes born in Q1 reached higher block jump heights than athletes born in Q3 (p = .049). There were no significant differences in vertical jump performance across birth quartiles among U17 and U21 athletes. Thus, a relative age effect was present in all age categories but not always reflected in vertical jump performance. Volleyball coaches and policymakers are still advised to employ strategies to ensure fairer opportunities for players born later in the year of their eligibility dates, as we found RAE to be sometimes, but not always, related to higher spike or block jump heights even among these older adolescents and young adult athletes.

Using inertial measurement units for quantifying the most intense jumping movements occurring in professional male volleyball players.

The purpose of this study was to use an inertial measurement unit (IMU) to analyze variations in the jump outcomes concerning weekly training days, and the dependencies between the number of jumps per minute and the jump height. An experimental research design was adopted across three weeks of the final play-off of a volleyball championship. Through an IMU, the external load of seven male elite volleyball athletes of a top rating team from Portuguese 1st Division (age: 30.5 ± 3.5 years; height: 200.2 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 93.0 ± 8.1 kg; BMI: 23.1 ± 2.3 kg/m2) was monitored. Repeated measures ANOVA was executed to compare the outcomes between training days. It was observed a similar density of jumps during the week. However, when comparing MD-1 to MD-2, a more significant average number of jumps per minute was observed in MD-1 (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.0 ± 0.2). Additionally, a positive, large and significant correlation was registered between the number of jumps and the height of the jump. Those results highlight the benefits of the specific training, leading to greater stimulation and improvement, in a game-like context, of the stretching-shortening cycle, observed in every jump action in volleyball.

Genetic recurrence and molecular markers of dyslexia in the Brazilian population

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate genetic recurrence and molecular markers for dyslexia in two candidate genes in the Brazilian population. Methods: a cross-sectional, case-control, observational study, with five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied in DYX1C1 and KIAA0319 genes in 86 subjects with dyslexia and 66 controls, matched for gender and age. SNPs were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction technique in real time, and distribution of genotypic and allelic frequencies between the groups was analyzed. Results: it was determined that 68% of the subjects with dyslexia present a family history of learning difficulties. The DYX1C1 gene did not demonstrate an association with dyslexia, which was found regarding the rs9461045 marker of the KIAA0319 gene. Conclusion: a family history of learning problems was present in more than two-thirds of the group with dyslexia, indicating that this is an important risk factor. An association with dyslexia in the rs9461045 marker was noted, making the study the first one to show an association of the KIAA0319 gene with dyslexia, in Latin America.

Differences in visual search behavior between expert and novice team sports athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background: For a long time, in sports, researchers have tried to understand an expert by comparing them with novices, raising the doubts if the visual search characteristics distinguish experts from novices. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review and conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the differences in visual search behavior between experts and novices in team sports athletes. Methods: This systematic review with meta-analysis followed the PRISMA 2020 and Cochrane's guidelines. Healthy team athletes were included, which engaged in regular practice, from any sex or competitive level, specifically classified a priori as expert or novice in the original research (i.e., if they were classified after the experiment, based on one of the tests, the study would be excluded). We considered only research published in peer-reviewed journals, with no limitations regarding date or language. It was considered healthy team sport athletes engaged in regular practice. The scenarios could be in situ or film-based. The databases of EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Ultimate, APA PsycArticles, and APA PsycINFO), PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were used to perform the searches. The risk of bias was calculated through the RoBANS tool. Results: From a total of 6,257 records, of which 985 were duplicates, titles and abstracts of 5,272 were screened, and 45 required full-text analysis. Of those, 23 were excluded due to not fulfilling the eligibility criteria regarding participants. In the end, 22 studies were selected, however, as two studies were part of the same trial and were analyzed conjointly. Discussion: Experts showed to be older and with more years of practice. The ability to distinguish experts from novices was not so clear regarding the variables analyzed. This could be due to the strategies chosen in each study, which were specific to each scenario, and when grouping all together, it was lost information within non-representative averages. The distinction between experts and novices was not clear, showing a lot of heterogeneity in the included studies. The expert classification itself may have been the conditioning aspect for these results, retaining the doubt and the need for more studies in the field. Systematic review registration: The protocol was pre-registered in OSF (project https://osf.io/3j4qv/, register https://osf.io/dvk2n).

Small-sided games in volleyball: A systematic review of the state of the art.

Studies on small-sided games (SSG) in team sports have increased in recent decades. However, the literature concerning this training strategy in volleyball is sparse. This study aims to summarize and analyse the scientific evidence on SSG in volleyball. For this purpose, electronic searches were conducted in August 2021 in PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. As result, a total of 22 studies (3 cross-sectional, 7 quasi-experimental, and 12 randomized controlled trial) that used SSG in volleyball were included in the qualitative synthesis after applying the eligibility criteria. Despite the few studies available for each outcome, our results suggest that the SSG can be used as a methodological resource for volleyball teaching and training of educational, recreational, and high-performance character. In conclusion, the use of SSG in volleyball is a pedagogical and training alternative with positive effects on populations with different levels of training (school and university students, recreational adult players, and athletes) considering instructional approaches, sport knowledge, participation in Physical Education classes, health markers, physical fitness, and physiological, psychological, and tactical-technical variables. However, more studies need to be carried out using SSG in volleyball in different contexts, with different manipulations and variables.

Within-Week Variations and Relationships between Internal and External Intensities Occurring in Male Professional Volleyball Training Sessions.

The purpose of the study was to test the within-week variations of the internal and external training intensity outcomes organized by days of the week. An 8-month observational period was conducted during the 2020-2021 season. The training sessions and matches of an elite volleyball team were monitored daily. The data comes from 14 players (two setters, five middle blockers, five outside hitters, and two opposites) of an elite team from the Portuguese 1st League (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2). The CR10 Borg scale was applied daily to measure the training intensity. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and the session-RPE were extracted as the internal outcomes. The external intensity was measured using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The number of jumps, height average of jumps (JHA), minimum jump (MJ), maximal jump (MXJ), range jump (RJ), number of jumps (NJ), and training session density (D) were extracted as external intensity outcomes. The results showed that there was a difference between RPE and S-RPE (F (1.98) = 6.31, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.36, and F (1.73) = 28.30, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.72), as well as JHA and NJ (F (2.14) = 4.76, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.30, and F (1.77) = 4.77, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.30) within the microcycle. When analyzing the correlations between internal and external intensity, it was observed that there was a negative correlation between the Maximum Jump (4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day) (r2 = 0.34, r2 = 0.40, r2 = 0.41, respectively) and the Range Jump (3 and 1 days before the Match day (r2 = 0.33, r2 = 0.38, respectively) with the RPE (4 days before the Match day) and Maximum Jump (5, 4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day (r2 = 0.35, r2 = 0.39, r2 = 0.44, r2 = 0.34, respectively) and Range Jump (5, 4, 3, and 1 days before the Match day) (r2 = 0.34, r2 = 0.35, r2 = 0.40 and r2 = 0.36, respectively) with S_RPE (4 days before the Match day). Such findings show that higher internal intensities are correlated with lower external intensities in sessions further away from the game day. Such results could be an important tool for coaches to reflect, plan, monitor, and execute the training unit according to the temporal distance to the competition.

Relative Age Effect on Brazilian male elite futsal athletes according to playing position and performance by goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues

Abstract Introduction: The relative age effect is prevalent in different elite team sports. However, little is known about this phenomenon in high-level adult male futsal players. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of relative age effect in Brazilian male elite futsal players, and its relationship with playing position and goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues (BNFL) from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The distribution of birth dates, playing positions, and goals scored by male participants of the Brazil National Futsal Leagues were analyzed. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the birth dates distribution based on quarters and semesters of the year, according to playing position (defender, winger, pivot, and goalkeeper) and scoring performance (high and low). Results: The overall analysis indicated that the relative age effect is prevalent on the pool of athletes analyzed. However, this effect was position-dependent, since relatively older athletes were overrepresented only in wingers and defenders playing positions. On the other hand, scoring performance was not associated with the relative age effect, since this effect was found in both performance levels. Conclusion: Relative age effects are prevalent in Brazilian male elite futsal athletes, especially for defenders and wingers. Considering the high level of competitiveness for spots in elite futsal teams, coaches and sports administrators must be educated about the prevalence of the relative age effect in this sporting context. This is necessary in order to reduce the inequalities generated by age categories based on arbitrary cut-off dates, which may reduce potential talent loss.

Relationships between type and duration of training and well-being status of volleyball athletes / Relações entre tipo e duração do treinamento e status de bem-estar de atletas de voleibol

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to describe weekly variations in the type and duration of training, as well as wellness-related parameters, in elite volleyball players. Twenty-four youth elite volleyball players from the French national team (age: 17.8 ± 1.0 y.o.) were monitored daily, and the type of training, training duration, participation in matches, and wellness status were measured over 22 weeks. Volleyball training duration varied from 100 to 510 minutes per week, while strength and conditioning training duration varied from 97 to 262 minutes per week. Fatigue levels varied from 1.5 to 2.8 A.U., and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) varied from 1.5 to 2.5 A.U. Large positive correlation were found between sleep and match duration (r = 0.64) and between stress and weekly volume (r = 0.52). Additionally, moderate positive correlation were found between fatigue and match duration (r = 0.36); between sleep and weekly volume (r = 0.35); between DOMS and match duration (r = 0.43); between stress and strength training (r = 0.42), volleyball training (r = 0.35), and match duration (r = 0.47). The present study revealed natural variations in training volume across the season and moderate dependency between weekly training/match durations and wellness status.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as variações semanais no tipo e duração do treinamento, bem como parâmetros relacionados ao bem-estar, em jogadores de elite de voleibol. Vinte e quarto jovens jogadores de elite de voleibol da seleção Francesa (idade: 17,8 ± 1,0 anos) foram monitorados diariamente, e o tipo de treinamento, a duração do treinamento, a participação em partidas e o status de bem-estar foram medidos durante 22 semanas. A duração do treinamento de voleibol variou de 100 a 510 minutos por semana, enquanto a duração do treinamento de força e condicionamento variou de 97 a 262 minutos por semana. Os níveis de fadiga variaram de 1,5 a 2,8 A.U., e a dor muscular tardia (DMT) variou de 1,5 a 2,5 A.U. Correlação positiva grande foi encontrada entre sono e duração do jogo (r = 0,64) e entre estresse e volume semanal (r = 0,52). Além disso, uma correlação positiva moderada foi encontrada entre fadiga e duração da partida (r = 0,36), entre sono e volume semanal (r = 0,35), entre DMT e duração da partida (r = 0,43), entre estresse e treinamento de força (r = 0,42), treinamento de voleibol (r = 0,35), e duração da partida (r = 0,47). O presente estudo revelou variações naturais no volume de treinamento ao longo da temporada e dependência moderada entre treinamento semanal/duração da partida e status de bem-estar.

Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions / Associação entre dados antropométricos e físicos de jogadores universitários de futebol de diferentes posições

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se existe associção entre as variáveis de desempenho físico e analisar a variação dos níveis de aptidão física entre as posições de jogador de futebol universitário. Foram selecionados 20 jogadores de futebol universitário (20,95 ± 1,84 anos; 71,60 ± 11,65 kg; 176,85 ± 7,28 m) divididos em zagueiros, meio-campistas e atacantes. Mensurou-se a composição corporal em uma análise transversal e correlacionou-se a massa gorda, massa magra e massa livre de gordura por meio do DXA com os testes de capacidade física. As principais evidências do presente estudo revelaram que as acelerações de 10 e 20 m tiveram correlações de moderada a grande com o teste de agilidade nas posições de jogo, porém essas acelerações foram inversamente correlacionadas com o teste de recuperação intermitente nos defensores e amplamente positiva nos meio-campistas. O teste de agilidade foi moderadamente correlacionado com o teste de recuperação intermitente YoYo nas diferentes posições de jogo. Em conclusão, a aceleração e a agilidade tiveram uma associação positiva com as diferentes posições dos jogadores de futebol.

Identification of signs of dyslexia test: comparison of performance between children with dyslexia and other development disorders / Teste para identificação de sinais de dislexia: comparação de desempenhos entre crianças com dislexia e outros transtornos do desenvolvimento / Test para identificación de señales de dislexia: comparación del desempeño entre niños con dislexia y otros trastornos del desarrollo

Screening instruments can help to characterize the academic and neuropsychological difficulties of individuals with Dyslexia. The aim of this study was to verify whether there would be differences in performance in the Identification of Signs of Dyslexia Test (TISD) when a group of children with Dyslexia was compared other diagnostic groups of children with level 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Intellectual Disability (ID), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Borderline Intellectual Functioning and Academic Difficulties. Participants were 172 children that had been diagnosed by interdisciplinary teams and average age ranging from 8.75 (SD = 2.21) to 10.14 (SD = 2.36) year-old. Comparison and association analyzes were performed using Univariate Analysis of Variance and Multinomial Logistic Regression, respectively. The results indicated that the ID and ASD groups presented more impaired performances. Additionally, the TISD was sensitive enough to identify differences between the Dyslexia and ASD groups, with the latter presenting worse performance. However, with the other groups, such differences were not observed. Complementary studies, with larger samples, are necessary, considering the effects of other variables associated with the disorders studied.

Instrumentos de triagem podem auxiliar na caracterização das dificuldades acadêmicas e neuropsicológicas de indivíduos com Dislexia. O objetivo do estudo foi de verificar se haveria diferenças de desempenho no Teste para Identificação de Sinais de Dislexia (TISD) quando um grupo de crianças com Dislexia fosse comparado a outros grupos diagnósticos de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista, nível 1 (TEA), Deficiência Intelectual (DI), Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade, Funcionamento Intelectual Limítrofe e Dificuldade Escolar. Participaram 172 crianças, com diagnóstico provindos de equipes interdisciplinares e médias de idade que variaram entre 8.75 (DP = 2.21) e 10,14 (DP = 2.36) anos. Foram realizadas análises de comparação e associação por meio da Análise Univariada da Variância e da Regressão Logística Multinomial, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que os grupos DI e TEA apresentaram desempenhos mais prejudicados. Adicionalmente, o TISD foi sensível para identificar diferenças entre os grupos Dislexia e TEA, com pior desempenho desse último. Entretanto, com os outros grupos, tais diferenças não foram observadas. Estudos complementares são necessários considerando maior casuística e efeitos de outras variáveis associadas aos transtornos estudados.

Los instrumentos de clasificación pueden auxiliar en la caracterización de las dificultades académicas y neuropsicológicas de individuos con Dislexia del Desarrollo (DD). El objetivo de este estudio fueverificar si habría diferencias de desempeño en el Test para Identificación de Señales de Dislexia (TISD) cuando se comparó un grupo de niños con dislexia con otros grupos de diagnóstico de niños con Espectro Autista, nivel 1 (TEA), Deficiencia Intelectual (DI), Trastorno de Déficit de Atención/Hiperactividad, Funcionamiento Intelectual Limítrofe y Dificultad Escolar. Participaron 172 niños con diagnósticos provenientes de equipos interdisciplinares y con medias de edad que oscilaron entre 8,75 (SD = 2,21) y 10,14 (SD = 2,36) años. Los análisis de comparación y asociación se realizaron mediante Análisis Univariado de Varianza y Regresión Logística Multinomial, respectivamente. Los resultados indicaron que los grupos DI y TEA presentaron desempeños más perjudicados. Adicionalmente, el TISD fue sensible para identificar diferencias entre los grupos Dislexia y TEA; el peor desempeño fue presentado por el TEA. Entre tanto, con los otros grupos, esas diferencias no fueron observadas. Si consideramos la mayor casuística y efectos de otras variables asociadas a los trastornos estudiados, es necesario realizar estúdios complementarios.

Variations of workload and well-being measures across a professional basketball season / Variações das medidas de carga e bem-estar durante um período profissional de basquetebol

Abstract The aims of this study were: (i) to describe weekly variations of acute load (AL), acute:chronic workload ratio, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue; (ii) to analyze variations of weekly workload and well-being in three periods of the season (P1, P2, and P3); and (iii) to analyze the relationships between workload and well-being measures. Fifteen professional basketball players from a first-league European club were monitored throughout the season using the CR-10 Borg scale and the Hooper questionnaire. Weekly AL and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) were weekly calculated for monitoring of the internal load. In addition, DOMS and fatigue values were weekly calculated. Greater AL, DOMS, and fatigue values were found during the early season, and the highest ACWR value was found during the second period. Overall, AL presented large correlations with DOMS (r=0.60) and fatigue (r=0.62). The results of this study indicate that load is higher in the first period and then decreases throughout the season. The results also showed that AL is more closely related to well-being parameters than ACWR.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi: (1) descrever as variações semanais de carga aguda (CA), razão da carga de trabalho aguda:crônica, dor musuclar tardia (DOT) e fadiga; (ii) analisar as variações da carga semanal de trabalho e bem-estar entre três períodos da temporada (P1, P2 e P3); e (iii) analisar as relações entre carga de trabalho e medidas de bem-estar. Quinze jogadores profissionais de basquetebol de um clube de primeira liga Européia foram monitorados ao longo de uma temporada utilizando a escala CR-10 Borg e o questionário de Hooper. A CA semanal e a razão da carga de trabalho aguda:crônica (RCTAC) foram calculadas semanalmente para monitorar a carga interna. Além disso, os valores de DOT e fadiga foram calculados semanalmente. Maiores valores da CA, DOT e fadiga foram ensontrados durante o início da temporada e o maior valor de RCTAC foi encontrado durante o segundo período. No geral, a CA apresentou grandes correlações com a DOT (r = 0,60) e fadiga (r = 0,62). Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a carga é maior no primeiro período e depois diminui ao longo da temporada. Os resultados também motraram que a CA está mais relacionada com os parâmetros de bem-estar do que a RCTAC.

Physical Fitness and Somatic Characteristics of the Only Child.

The purpose of this study was to examine if only child show differences on somatic growth and physical fitness compared to be a child with siblings. The participants included 542 children (boys: N = 270; girls: N = 270) between 7 and 15 years of age. Somatic growth (height, weight, body mass index) and physical fitness (handgrip strength; flexed harm hang; 60-s sit-ups; standing long jump; 10-m shuttle run and PACER test) were assessed. Variance analysis revealed significant advantages for children with siblings in the flexed arm hang (p = 0.046), 60-s sit-ups (p = 0.002), 10-m shuttle run (p = 0.013) and PACER (p = 0.032). An examination of the possible differential effect of sex on the results revealed no significance for physical fitness variables, but significant interaction were found for weight (p = 0.004) and body mass index (p = 0.005). Despite a lack of interactions between offspring and sex in physical fitness, significant differences between sexes were found in all fitness variables. In conclusion, having siblings showed to be advantageous for general physical fitness in children. This evidence may be used for future analysis and interventions in motor competence, namely considering the growing number of only children in some regions of the world.

The Effects of Agility Ladders on Performance: A Systematic Review.

The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of exercise programs using agility ladders and to assess the quality of available evidence. Search was conducted in October of 2019 using the following databases: Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Study eligibility criteria included randomized trials or randomized controlled trials using agility ladders drills. Participants were healthy humans of any health status. The study appraisal and synthesis methods followed the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and a qualitative synthesis of the main results of each study were applied. Only five studies met our criteria, lasting between 4 and 8 weeks. Only two studies evaluated the effects of ladder drills on more than one dimension. Lack of description of the specific exercises that were used limits reproducibility of current studies. With one exception, the articles had low risk of bias for most domains. Despite the widespread popularity of agility ladder drills, research is scarce and problematic, with poorly described protocols and mostly unidimensional performance measures. Claims that agility ladders improve agility and other physical skills is premature, given the nature and quality of existing research.

External and internal Load and their Effects on Professional Volleyball Training.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (i) characterize the external and internal training load of professional volleyball players with a focus on intra-week changes and (ii) test the relationships between internal and external load measures. Eight male professional players (age: 23.0±5.22 yo; body mass: 84.5 ± 7.58 kg; height: 193.0±9.71 cm; BMI: 22.0±0.02 kg/m2) were monitored daily over 15 weeks. The monitoring process included both internal (rate of perceived exertion [RPE] and session-RPE [s-RPE]) and external load variables, which were measured by an inertial measurement unit. Results revealed that, within-week variations revealed that RPE was significantly higher during MD-2 (d=0.59) and MD-3 (d=0.56) than MD-1. A significantly higher number of jumps was observed on MD-2 than MD-1 (d=0.69). Considering the relationships between internal and external load measures, small positive correlations were found between RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.17) and between s-RPE and the number of jumps (r=0.49). In conclusion, a tapering strategy was observed on the day before a match, as internal and external loads decreased. Both internal and external load measures are necessary to provide an accurate perception of the impact of training stimuli on players.

Behavior Problems and Depressive Symptoms in Developmental Dyslexia: Risk Assessment in Brazilian Students.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if students with developmental dyslexia (DD) have more behavior problems and depressive symptoms than students without learning difficulties. METHOD: Participants were 61 students, aged 7-14 years, including 31 with interdisciplinary DD diagnosis and 30 without learning disabilities. We collected data from parents, using the children's behavior checklist (CBCL), and from students, using the children's depression inventory (CDI). RESULTS: The DD group had higher CBCL averages for anxiety, depression, withdrawal, rule-breaking behaviors, aggressiveness, and social, attentional and thought problems. They also showed higher results for the internalizing and externalizing categories, others and total. In the CDI, DD students had higher averages for total score and for the following symptoms: negative self-evaluation, guilt, suicidal thoughts, feeling concern, performance comparison, sleeping difficulties, fatigue, and problems in interacting with peers at school. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the results in terms of implications for DD diagnosis and intervention. Parent reports indicate a higher frequency of behavior problems in students with DD diagnosis. Those students also demonstrate more symptoms of depression than students without learning difficulties.

Jump Performance During Official Matches in Elite Volleyball Players: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the types and intensity of the jumps that professional male volleyball players executed. Seven male elite volleyball players participated in this study. The sample was composed of 1599 jumps performed in 15 sets of five official matches of the regular season of a professional team. A descriptive pilot study design was implemented to analyze the types of jumps and jump heights by particular playing positions (outside hitters, setter, and middle blockers). The jump height was recorded using an inertial measurement device. No significant differences in the heights of jumps were found between the sets of the matches. Different players' roles had different frequencies for different types of jumps and jump intensities. The data provide reference values of the type of jumps performed, their frequency, and intensity by particular playing positions in competition. The results confirm the need to individualize the practice and training of volleyball players according to the players' roles. Extensive studies are needed to provide more information about repeated jump ability in volleyball players.

Body composition and performance variables differences in female volleyball players by agegroup and playing position / Diferenças na composição corporal e variáveis de desempenho em atletas femininas de voleibol por faixa etária e posição de jogo

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and inter- and intra-position differences in the anthropometric variables and physical performance in young female players of Brazilian women's volleyball. Fifty-eight female volleyball players participated, divided into 3 age groups: (a) 14 and under (n=20; mean age = 12.6±0.7 years), (b) between 14 and 17 (n=31; mean age = 15.6±1.2 years), and (c) over 17 (n=7; mean age = 18.9±0.9 years). In addition, the players were also divided according to their positions: setters (n=7), opposites (n=13), passer-hitters (n=17), middle blockers (n=12) and liberos (n=9). Anthropometric characteristics, flexibility, strength / resistance abdominal muscles, pushups, explosive power of the arms, jumping abilities, shuttle run and 20-m sprint tests were evaluated. Analyses showed differences among age and playing positions for the height and bone mass (p<0.05). In the fitness assessment, no differences were found between playing positions (p>0.05). However, differences were found among for age groups horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint, with players >17 performing better than <14 and between 14-17 years of age (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that the height, bone mass and horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint are age dependent, while physical performance independent on the playing positions.

Resumo Objetiva-se avaliar a idade e as diferenças inter e intra-posições nas variáveis antropométricas e no desempenho físico de jovens jogadoras do voleibol feminino brasileiro. Participaram 58 atletas femininas de voleibol, divididas em 3 grupos por faixa etária: (a) até 14 (n = 20; idade média = 12,6 ± 0,7 anos), (b) entre 14 e 17 (n = 31; média de idade = 15,6 ± 1,2 anos); (c) acima de 17 (n = 7; idade média = 18,9 ± 0,9 anos). Além disso, os jogadores também foram divididos de acordo com suas posições: levantadores (n = 7), opostos (n = 13), passadores (n = 17), bloqueadores (n = 12) e líberos. (n = 9). Foram avaliadas as características antropométricas, flexibilidade, força / resistência dos músculos abdominais, flexões, poder explosivo dos braços, habilidades de salto, corrida e corrida de 20 m. As análises mostraram diferenças entre idade e posições de jogo para a altura e massa óssea (p<0,05). Na avaliação da aptidão, não foram encontradas diferenças entre as posições de jogo (p>0,05). No entanto, foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos etários: salto horizontal, corrida e corrida de 20 m, com os jogadores acima de 17, com desempenho melhor que menores que 14 e entre 14 e 17 anos de idade (p<0,05). Estes resultados demonstraram que a altura, a massa óssea e o salto horizontal, o deslocamento e a velocidade de 20m são dependentes da idade, enquanto que o desempenho físico é independente das posições de jogo.

Construção de um instrumento para avaliar a compreensão da linguagem oral de crianças de 2 a 6 anos / Construction of an instrument to assess oral language comprehension of children from 2 to 6 years / Construcción de un instrumento para evaluar la comprensión del lenguaje oral en niños de 2 a 6 años

Objetivo: Descrever a construção de um instrumento para avaliar a compreensão da linguagem oral de crianças de 2 a 6 anos e obter evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo. Método: A pesquisa consistiu em: levantamento e caracterização de instrumentos nacionais e internacionais destinados à avaliação da compreensão da linguagem oral de crianças; elaboração do instrumento; e análise do instrumento por cinco juízes. A análise estatística envolveu cálculo da porcentagem de concordância, razão de validade de conteúdo e índice de validade de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram levantados 19 instrumentos que avaliam a compreensão da linguagem oral utilizando palavras isoladas, ordens simples ou complexas e textos. Posteriormente, foi elaborado instrumento composto por oito fases com oito itens cada. A tarefa consiste na manipulação de figuras pela criança, conforme as ordens do avaliador com nível crescente de dificuldade. A análise dos juízes indicou resultados satisfatórios para os índices calculados para o instrumento como um todo. Os itens com índice insatisfatório foram revisados para compor a versão final do instrumento. Conclusão: O estudo descreveu a primeira etapa do processo de construção do instrumento e foram obtidas evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo. Estudos posteriores serão conduzidos para obtenção de outras fontes de evidência de validade.

Objective: This work aimed to describe the construction of an instrument to assess the oral language comprehension capability of 2 to 6-year-old children and get validity evidences based on content. Method: The research consisted in: gathering and characterizing existing national and international instruments used for the assessment of children oral language comprehension capability; elaborating a new instrument; and analysis of the instrument by five judges. Statistical analysis involved calculation of Percentage of Agreement, of Content Validity Ratio and of Content Validity Index. Results: Nineteen instruments were identified, which assess the oral language comprehension capability by using items formed by isolated words, simple and complex orders, and texts. It was subsequently developed an instrument consisting of eight stages containing eight items each. The task consists in the child manipulating figures in accordance with the orders of the evaluator with increasing level of difficulty. The judge's assessment indicated satisfactory results for the calculated indices for the instrument as a whole. Items with unsatisfactory rate were reviewed for inclusion in the final version of the instrument. Conclusion: This study described the first step of the construction process of the instrument. Validity evidences based on content were obtained. Further studies will be conducted to obtain other sources of content validity.

Objetivo: Describir la construcción de un instrumento para evaluar la comprensión del lenguaje oral en niños de 2 a 6 años y obtener evidencias de validez basadas en el contenido. Método: La pesquisa se consistió en: levantamiento y caracterización de instrumentos nacionales e internacionales destinados a la evaluación de la comprensión del lenguaje oral en niños; elaboración de un nuevo instrumento; y análisis del instrumento por cinco jueces. El análisis estadístico envolvió cálculo de porcentaje de concordancia, proporción de validez de contenido e índice de validez de contenido. Resultados: Fueran identificados 19 instrumentos que evalúan la comprensión del lenguaje oral, utilizando palabras aisladas, ordenes simples o complejas y textos. Posteriormente, fue elaborado un instrumento compuesto por ocho frases con ocho ítems cada. La tarea consiste en la manipulación de figuras por el niño según las órdenes del evaluador, con nivel creciente de dificultad. El análisis de los jueces indicó resultados satisfactorios en lo que se refiere a los índices calculados para el instrumento como un todo. Los ítems con índice insatisfactorio fueran revisados para componer la versión final del instrumento. Conclusión: El estudio describió la primera etapa del proceso de construcción del instrumento e fueran obtenidas evidencias de validez basadas en el contenido. Estudios posteriores serán conducidos para obtención de otras fuentes de evidencia de validez.

Consequências do transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) na idade adulta / The consequences of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood

OBJETIVO: Revisar impactos do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) na idade adulta. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas buscas em bases de dados online (Scielo e Bireme) e site de busca (Google Acadêmico). Os descritores utilizados foram "transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade" and "idade adulta" and "impactos" or "consequências". Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos completos, publicados em Português, Inglês ou Espanhol. Foram excluídos aqueles que não responderam à questão da pesquisa. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 776 estudos e selecionados 15 para análise. Desses, cinco são artigos de revisão e dez, empíricos. Os principais impactos evidenciados pelos estudos foram no desenvolvimento afetivo-emocional, educacional, desempenho profissional, gestão financeira, relacionamento interpessoal, relacionamento conjugal e exercício das funções parentais. CONCLUSÃO: Adultos com TDAH possuem impactos negativos e significativos em diferentes aspectos de seu desenvolvimento e que podem ser mediados pelos déficits nas funções executivas. O diagnóstico precoce e intervenções adequadas podem minimizar tais impactos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of work was to review the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder impacts in adulthood. METHODS: We conducted search in the databases online (Scielo, Bireme and PubMed) and search site (Google Scholar). The descriptors were "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" and "adulthood" and "impacts" or "consequences". The inclusion criteria were: full-text articles, published in Portuguese, English or Spanish. The articles that did not respond the questions research were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 776 studies were found, and 15 studies were selected to analysis (five reviews and ten empirical studies). The main impacts evidenced by the studies were affective emotional development, professional performance, financial management, marital relationship and parental role. CONCLUSION: Adults with ADHD have negative and significant impacts on different aspects of their development and can be mediated by deficits in executive functions. Early diagnosis and appropriate interventions can minimize the impacts.